Correct some typos

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Loic Guegan 2019-05-25 15:02:38 +02:00
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it is possible to evaluate the end-to-end energy consumption of the system. it is possible to evaluate the end-to-end energy consumption of the system.
** IoT Part ** IoT Part
In the first place, the IoT part is composed of several sensors connected to an AP which forms a In the first place, the IoT part is composed of several sensors connected to an Access Point (AP)
cell. It is model using the ns-3 network simulator. Thus, we setup between 5 and 15 sensors which forms a cell. This cell is model using the ns-3 network simulator. Consequently, we setup
connected to the AP using WIFI 5GHz 802.11n. The node are placed randomly in a rectangle of 400m2 between 5 and 15 sensors connected to the AP using WIFI 5GHz 802.11n. The node are placed
around the AP which correspond to a typical real use case. All the nodes of the cell are setup randomly in a rectangle of 400m2 around the AP which corresponds to a typical real use case. All
with the default WIFI energy model provided by ns-3. The different energy values used by the the cell nodes are setup with the default WIFI energy model provided by ns-3. The different
energy model are provided on Table \ref{tab:wifi-energy}. These energy were extracted from energy values used by the energy model are provided on Table \ref{tab:wifi-energy}. These energy
previous work\cite{halperin_demystifying_nodate,li_end--end_2018} on 802.11n. Note that we were extracted from previous work\cite{halperin_demystifying_nodate,li_end--end_2018} on
suppose that the energy source of the cell nodes are unlimited and thus every nodes can 802.11n. Besides, we suppose that the energy source of each nodes are unlimited and thus each of
communicate until the end of all the simulations. them can communicate until the end of all the simulations.
As a scenario, sensors send to the AP packets of 192 bits that include: \textbf{1)} A 128 bits As a scenario, sensors send 192 bits packets to the AP composed of: \textbf{1)} A 128 bits
sensors id \textbf{2)} A 32 bits integer representing the temperature \textbf{3)} An integer sensors id \textbf{2)} A 32 bits integer representing the temperature \textbf{3)} An integer
timestamp representing the temperature sensing time. The data are transmitted immediately at each timestamp representing the temperature sensing time to store them as time series. The data are
sensing interval $I$ varied from 1s to 60s. Finally, the AP is in charge of relaying data to the transmitted immediately at each sensing interval $I$ varied from 1s to 60s. Finally, the AP is in
cloud using the network part. charge of relaying data to the cloud via the network part.
#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex #+BEGIN_EXPORT latex
\begin{table}[] \begin{table}[]
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#+END_EXPORT #+END_EXPORT
** Network Part ** Network Part
The network part represents the network starting from the AP to the Cloud excluding the server. The network part represents the a network section starting from the AP to the Cloud excluding the
It is also model into ns-3. We consider the server to be 9 hops away from the AP with a typical server. It is also model into ns-3. We consider the server to be 9 hops away from the AP with a
round-trip latency of 100ms from the AP to the server. Each node from the AP to the Cloud is typical round-trip latency of 100ms from the AP to the server. Each node from the AP to the Cloud
assume to be network switches with static and dynamic network energy consumption. ECOFEN is assume to be network switches with static and dynamic network energy consumption. ECOFEN
\cite{orgerie_ecofen:_2011} is used to model the energy consumption of the network part. ECOFEN \cite{orgerie_ecofen:_2011} is used to model the energy consumption of the network part. ECOFEN
is a ns-3 network energy module for ns-3 dedicated to wired network energy estimation. It is is a ns-3 network energy module dedicated to wired network. It is based on an energy-per-bit
based on an energy-per-bit model including static consumption by assuming a linear relation model including static energy consumption by assuming a linear relation between the amount of
between the amount of data sent to the network interface and the power consumption. The different data sent to the network interface and its power consumption. The different energy values used to
energy values used to instantiate the ECOFEN energy model for the network part are shown in Table instantiate the ECOFEN energy model for the network part are shown in Table \ref{tab:net-energy}
\ref{tab:net-energy} and come from previous work \cite{cornea_studying_2014-1}. and come from previous work \cite{cornea_studying_2014-1}.
** Cloud Part ** Cloud Part
Finally, to measure the energy consumption of the server, we used real server from the Finally, to measure the energy consumed by the server, we used real server from the large-scale
large-scale test-beds Grid5000 (G5K). In fact, G5K has a cluster called Nova composed of several test-beds Grid5000 (G5K). In fact, G5K has a cluster called Nova composed of several nodes which
nodes which are connected to watt-meters. In this way, we can benefit from real energy are connected to watt-meters. In this way, we can benefit from real energy measurements. The
measurements. The server used in the experiment is composed of Intel Xeon E5-2620 processor with server used in the experiment include an Intel Xeon E5-2620 processor with 64 GB of RAM and 600GB
64 GB of RAM and 600GB of disk space on a Linux based distribution. This server is configured to of disk space on a Linux based operating system. This server is configured to use KVM as
use KVM as virtualization mechanism. We deploy a classical Linux x86_64 distribution on the virtualization mechanism. We deploy a classical Linux x86_64 distribution on the Virtual Machine
Virtual Machines (VM) along with a MySQL database. We different amount of allocated memory for (VM) along with a MySQL database. We used different amount of allocated memory for the VM namely
the VM namely 1024MB/2048MB/4096MB to highlight its effects on the server energy consumption. 1024MB/2048MB/4096MB to highlight its effects on the server energy consumption.
The sensors requests are simulated using another server. This server is in charge to send hundred The sensors requests are simulated using another server. This server is in charge to send hundred
of requests to the VM in order to fill the database. Consequently, it is easy to vary the of requests to the VM in order to fill the database. Consequently, it is easy to vary the
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** Cloud Energy Consumption ** Cloud Energy Consumption
In this End-To-End energy consumption study, cloud account for a huge part of the overall energy In this End-To-End energy consumption study, cloud account for a huge part of the overall energy
consumption. According a report \cite{shehabi_united_2016-1} on United States data center energy consumption. According a report \cite{shehabi_united_2016-1} on United States data center energy
usage, the average Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of an hyperscale data center is 1.2. Thus, in usage, the average Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of an hyper-scale data center is 1.2. Thus, in
our analysis, all energy measurement on cloud server will account for this PUE. our analysis, all energy measurement on cloud server will account for this PUE.
In a first place, we analyse the impact of the VM allocated memory on the server energy In a first place, we analyze the impact of the VM allocated memory on the server energy
consumption. Figure \ref{fig:vmSize} depict the server energy consumption according to the VM consumption. Figure \ref{fig:vmSize} depict the server energy consumption according to the VM
allocated memory for 20 sensors sending data every 10s. Note that red horizontal line represent allocated memory for 20 sensors sending data every 10s. Note that red horizontal line represent
the average energy consumption for sample of energy value. We can see that at each sensing the average energy consumption for sample of energy value. We can see that at each sensing
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number of sensors. These shows a clear linear relation between the number of sensors and the number of sensors. These shows a clear linear relation between the number of sensors and the
server energy consumption. Moreover, we can see that the more sensors we have per server, the server energy consumption. Moreover, we can see that the more sensors we have per server, the
more energy we can save. In fact, since the idle server energy consumption is high, it is more more energy we can save. In fact, since the idle server energy consumption is high, it is more
energy efficient to maximze the number of sensors per server. As showed on Figure energy efficient to maximize the number of sensors per server. As showed on Figure
\ref{fig:sensorsNumber-WPS}, a significant amount of energy can be save when passing from 20 \ref{fig:sensorsNumber-WPS}, a significant amount of energy can be save when passing from 20
sensors to 300 per server. sensors to 300 per server.
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energy consumption while varying the number of sensors. It is important to see that, for energy consumption while varying the number of sensors. It is important to see that, for
small-scale systems, the server energy consumption is dominant face to the energy consumed by the small-scale systems, the server energy consumption is dominant face to the energy consumed by the
sensors. However, since we are using a single server, large-scale sensors deployment lead to an sensors. However, since we are using a single server, large-scale sensors deployment lead to an
increasing consumtion of energy in the sensors side. On the other side, network energy increasing consumption of energy in the sensors side. On the other side, network energy
consumption is stable regarding to the number of sensors that are deployed since network the consumption is stable regarding to the number of sensors that are deployed since network the
system use case do not required large data transfert. Thus, it is important to remember that, to system use case do not required large data transfer. Thus, it is important to remember that, to
save energy, we should maximize the number of sensors handle by each cloud server while keeping a save energy, we should maximize the number of sensors handle by each cloud server while keeping a
resonable sensors requests intervals. reasonable sensors requests intervals.
#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex #+BEGIN_EXPORT latex
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}

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