intro v2

2019-ICA3PP.bbl

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-% Generated by IEEEtran.bst, version: 1.14 (2015/08/26)
-\begin{thebibliography}{1}
+% Generated by IEEEtran.bst, version: 1.12 (2007/01/11)
+\begin{thebibliography}{10}
 \providecommand{\url}[1]{#1}
 \csname url@samestyle\endcsname
 \providecommand{\newblock}{\relax}
@@ -21,6 +21,31 @@
 \providecommand{\BIBdecl}{\relax}
 \BIBdecl
 
+\bibitem{ShiftProject}
+T.~S. Project, ``{Lean ICT, Pour une sobri\'et\'e num\'erique},''
+  https://theshiftproject.org/article/pour-une-sobriete-numerique-rapport-shift/,
+  Oct. 2018.
+
+\bibitem{Cisco2019}
+Cisco, ``{Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends, 2017–2022,
+  White paper},''
+  \url{https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white-paper-c11-741490.html},
+  Feb. 2019.
+
+\bibitem{Sandvine2018}
+Sandvine, ``{The Global Internet Phenomena Report},''
+  \url{https://www.sandvine.com/phenomena}, Oct. 2018.
+
+\bibitem{Wang2016}
+K.~{Wang}, Y.~{Wang}, Y.~{Sun}, S.~{Guo}, and J.~{Wu}, ``{Green Industrial
+  Internet of Things Architecture: An Energy-Efficient Perspective},''
+  \emph{IEEE Communications Magazine}, vol.~54, no.~12, pp. 48--54, 2016.
+
+\bibitem{Ejaz2017}
+W.~Ejaz, M.~Naeem, A.~Shahid, A.~Anpalagan, and M.~Jo, ``Efficient energy
+  management for the internet of things in smart cities,'' \emph{IEEE
+  Communications Magazine}, vol.~55, no.~1, pp. 84--91, 2017.
+
 \bibitem{halperin_demystifying_nodate}
 D.~Halperin, B.~Greenstein, A.~Sheth, and D.~Wetherall,
   ``\BIBforeignlanguage{en}{Demystifying 802.11n {Power} {Consumption}},''

2019-ICA3PP.org

@@ -27,45 +27,46 @@
 
 #+BEGIN_EXPORT latex
 \begin{abstract}
-Information and Communication Technology takes a growing part in the worldwide energy consumption. One of the root causes of this increase lies in the multiplication of connected devices. Each object of the Internet-of-Things often does not consume much energy by itself. Yet, their number and the infrastructures they require to properly work have leverage. In this paper, we combine simulations and real measurements to study the energy impact of IoT devices. In particular, we analyze the energy consumption of Cloud and telecommunication infrastructures induced by the utilization of connected devices, and we propose an end-to-end energy consumption model for these devices. 
+Information and Communication Technology takes a growing part in the 
+worldwide energy consumption. One of the root causes of this increase 
+lies in the multiplication of connected devices. Each object of the 
+Internet-of-Things often does not consume much energy by itself. Yet, 
+their number and the infrastructures they require to properly work 
+have leverage. In this paper, we combine simulations and real 
+measurements to study the energy impact of IoT devices. In particular, 
+we analyze the energy consumption of Cloud and telecommunication 
+infrastructures induced by the utilization of connected devices, And 
+we propose an end-to-end energy consumption model for these devices. 
 \end{abstract}
 #+END_EXPORT
 
 
 * Introduction 
 In 2018, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) was estimated
-to absorb around 3% of the global energy consumption, with a growing
-rate of 9% per year \cite{ShiftProject}. This alarming growing rate is
-explained by the emergence of new applications and new ICT devices
-for smart building, smart factories, smart cities, etc. All these
+to absorb around 3% of the global energy consumption
+\cite{ShiftProject}. This consumption grows at a rate of 9% per year
+\cite{ShiftProject}. This alarming increase is explained by the fast
+emergence of numerous new applications and new ICT devices. These
+devices supply services for smart building, smart factories and smart
+cities for instance, allowing for optimized decisions. All these
 connected devices constitute the Internet of Things (IoT): connected
 devices with sensors producing data, actuators interacting with their
 environment and communication means.
  
 This increase in number of devices implies an increase in the energy
-needed to manufacture and use these devices. Yet, another energy cost is
-directly implied by IoT devices: the cost of computing and
-communication infrastructures they rely on. Indeed, IoT devices
-communicate with Cloud computing infrastructures to store, analyze and
-share their data.  
+needed to manufacture and utilize all these devices. Yet, the overall energy
+bill of IoT also comprises indirect costs as it relies on computing and
+networking infrastructures that consume energy to enable smart
+services. Indeed, IoT devices communicate with Cloud computing
+infrastructures to store, analyze and share their data.  
 
 In February 2019, a report by Cisco stated that ``IoT connections will
 represent more than half (14.6 billion) of all global connected
 devices and connections (28.5 billion) by 2022" \cite{Cisco2019}. This
 will represent more than 6% of global IP traffic, against 3% in
-2017 \cite{Cisco2019}. The IoT devices have an increasing impact on
-Internet bandwidth.
-
-While some IoT devices produce a lot of data, like smart vehicles for
-instance, many others generate only a small amount of data, like smart
-meters. However, the scale matters here: many small devices can end up
-producing big data. As an example, according to a report published by
-Sandvine in October 2018, the Google Nest Thermostat is the most
-significant IoT device in terms of worldwide connections: it
-represents 0.16% of all connections, ranging 55th on the list of
-connections \cite{Sandvine2018}. As a comparison, the voice assistants
-Alexa and Siri are respectively 97th and 102nd with 0.05% of all
-connections \cite{Sandvine2018}.  
+2017 \cite{Cisco2019}. This increasing impact of IoT devices on
+Internet connections induces a growing weight on ICT energy
+consumption.  
 
 The energy consumption of IoT devices themselves is only the top of
 the iceberg: their use induce energy costs in communication and cloud
@@ -78,25 +79,65 @@ center hosting the application. From this analysis, we derive an
 end-to-end energy consumption model that can be used to assess the
 consumption of other IoT devices.
 
-Our main contributions...
+While some IoT devices produce a lot of data, like smart vehicles for
+instance, many others generate only a small amount of data, like smart
+meters. However, the scale matters here: many small devices can end up
+producing big data volumes. As an example, according to a report
+published by Sandvine in October 2018, the Google Nest Thermostat is
+the most significant IoT device in terms of worldwide connections: it
+represents 0.16% of all connections, ranging 55th on the list of
+connections \cite{Sandvine2018}. As a comparison, the voice assistants
+Alexa and Siri are respectively 97th and 102nd with 0.05% of all
+connections \cite{Sandvine2018}. This example highlights the growing
+importance of low-bandwidth IoT applications on Internet
+infrastructures, and consequently on their energy consumption. 
 
-Sections...
+In this paper, we focus on IoT devices for low-bandwidth applications
+such as smart meters or smart sensors. These applications send few
+data periodically to cloud servers, either to store them or to get
+computing power and take decisions. This is a first step towards a
+comprehensive characterization of the IoT energy footprint. While few
+studies address the energy consumption of high-bandwidth IoT
+applications \cite{li_end--end_2018}, to the best of our knowledge,
+none of them targets low-bandwidth applications, despite their growing 
+importance on the Internet infrastructures.
+
+Low-bandwidth IoT applications, such as the Nest Thermostat, often
+relies on sensors powered by batteries. For such sensors, reducing
+their energy consumption is a critical target. Yet, we argue that
+end-to-end energy models are required to estimate the overall impact
+of IoT devices and to understand how to reduce their complete energy
+consumption. Without such models, one could optimize the consumption
+of on-battery devices at a heavier cost for cloud servers and
+networking infrastructures, resulting on an higher overall energy 
+consumption. Using end-to-end models could prevent these unwanted
+effects. 
+
+Our contributions include:
+- a characterization of low-bandwidth IoT applications;
+- an analysis of the energy consumption of a low-bandwidth IoT
+  application including the energy consumption of the IoT device and
+  the consumption induced by its utilization on the Cloud and
+  telecommunication infrastructures;
+- an end-to-end energy model for low-bandwidth IoT applications.
+
+The paper is organized as follows. Section \ref{sec:sota} presents the
+state of the art. The low-bandwidth IoT application is characterized
+in Section \ref{sec:usec}, and details on its architecture are
+provided in Section \ref{sec:model}. Section \ref{sec:eval} provides
+our experimental results using real measurements and
+simulations. Section \ref{sec:discuss} discusses the key findings an
+the end-to-end energy model. Finally, Section \ref{sec:cl} concludes
+this work and presents future work. 
 
 
 
 * Related Work 
+#+LaTeX: \label{sec:sota}
 Smart industry \cite{Wang2016}
 Smart cities \cite{Ejaz2017}
 * Use-Case 
-
-    #+BEGIN_EXPORT latex
-    \begin{figure}
-      \centering
-      \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{./plots/parts2.png}
-      \caption{Overview of the IoT architecture.}
-      \label{fig:parts}
-    \end{figure}
-    #+END_EXPORT
+#+LaTeX: \label{sec:usec}
 
 
 
@@ -128,8 +169,18 @@ Smart cities \cite{Ejaz2017}
       
 ** Cloud Infrastructure
 
-* System Model 
 
+    #+BEGIN_EXPORT latex
+    \begin{figure}
+      \centering
+      \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{./plots/parts2.png}
+      \caption{Overview of the IoT architecture.}
+      \label{fig:parts}
+    \end{figure}
+    #+END_EXPORT
+
+* System Model 
+#+LaTeX: \label{sec:model}
   The system model is divided in two parts. First, the IoT and the Network part are models through
   simulations. Then, the Cloud part is model using real servers connected to watt-meters. In this way,
   it is possible to evaluate the end-to-end energy consumption of the system.
@@ -207,6 +258,7 @@ Smart cities \cite{Ejaz2017}
    add/remove sensors \textbf{2)} The requests interval.
 
 * Evaluation 
+#+LaTeX: \label{sec:eval}
 ** IoT/Network Consumption
    In a first place, we start by studying the impact of the sensors position on their energy
    consumption. To this end, we run several simulations in ns-3 with different sensors position. The
@@ -358,8 +410,10 @@ Smart cities \cite{Ejaz2017}
 
 
 * Discussion 
-* Conclusion 
+#+LaTeX: \label{sec:discuss}
 
+* Conclusion 
+#+LaTeX: \label{sec:cl}
 
 \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
 \bibliography{references}

references.bib

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 	urldate = {2017-03-31},
 	journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
 	author = {Dardari, Davide and Conti, Andrea and Ferner, Ulric and Giorgetti, Andrea and Win, Moe Z.},
-	month = feb,
+	month = Feb,
 	year = {2009},
 	pages = {404--426},
 	file = {Dardari et al. - 2009 - Ranging With Ultrawide Bandwidth Signals in Multip.pdf:/home/loic/.zotero/zotero/383myqxk.default/zotero/storage/QGRBCGBU/Dardari et al. - 2009 - Ranging With Ultrawide Bandwidth Signals in Multip.pdf:application/pdf}
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ programming guide through functional cross-volume table of contents, references,
 	abstract = {Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly used in a plethora of fields to enable radically new ways for various purposes, ranging from monitoring the environment to enhancing the wellbeing of human life. With the ever-increasing size of such networks, it is fundamental to understand the issues that come with scaling on different networking layers. A cost-efficient approach to examine large-scale networks is to use simulators or emulators to test the infrastructure and its ability to support the desired applications. In this paper, we investigate and compare the currently available simulation/emulation software. We found out that the current solutions are mostly appropriate for small- and medium-scale emulation, however they are not suitable for large-scale testing that reaches millions of node running concurrently. We then propose a large-scale IoT emulator called MAMMotH and present a brief overview of its design. Finally we discuss some of the current issues and future directions, e.g. radio link simulation.},
 	booktitle = {2012 {IEEE} 2nd {International} {Conference} on {Cloud} {Computing} and {Intelligence} {Systems}},
 	author = {Looga, V. and Ou, Z. and Deng, Y. and Ylä-Jääski, A.},
-	month = oct,
+	month = Oct,
 	year = {2012},
 	keywords = {Internet, Internet of Things, Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless sensor networks, Computational modeling, cost-efficient approach, digital simulation, Emulation, Hardware, infrastructure testing, large-scale emulation, large-scale IoT emulator, large-scale networks, large-scale testing, MAMMOTH, massive-scale emulation platform, medium-scale emulation, networking layers, Radio link, radio link simulation, simulation, simulation-emulation software, Software, Testing},
 	pages = {1235--1239}
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ programming guide through functional cross-volume table of contents, references,
 	title = {Research on architecture of {Internet} of {Things} and construction of its simulation experiment platform--《{Experimental} {Technology} and {Management}》2010年10期},
 	url = {http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-SYJL201010053.htm},
 	urldate = {2017-10-02},
-	month = oct,
+	month = Oct,
 	year = {2017}
 }
 
@@ -2464,7 +2464,7 @@ pages={46-59},
 author = {Sandvine},
 title = {{The Global Internet Phenomena Report}},
 year = {2018},
-month = Oct.,
+month = Oct,
 howpublished={\url{https://www.sandvine.com/phenomena}}
 }
 
@@ -2472,7 +2472,7 @@ howpublished={\url{https://www.sandvine.com/phenomena}}
 author = {Cisco},
 title = {{Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends, 2017–2022, White paper}},
 year = {2019},
-month = Feb.,
+month = Feb,
 howpublished = {\url{https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white-paper-c11-741490.html}}
 }
 
@@ -2480,6 +2480,8 @@ howpublished = {\url{https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-
 author = {The Shift Project},
 title = {{Lean ICT, Pour une sobri\'et\'e num\'erique}},
 year = {2018},
-month = Oct.,
+month = Oct,
 howpublished = {https://theshiftproject.org/article/pour-une-sobriete-numerique-rapport-shift/}
 }
+
+